Tumor virologists additionally recognized that viruses could serve as powerful discovery tools, leading to revolutionary breakthroughs in the 1970s and 1980s that included the concept of the oncogene, the identification of the p53 tumor suppressor, and the function of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor. Such knowledge proved instrumental to the development of the first cancer vaccines against cancers having an infectious etiology. This change in attitude opened the door in the 1960s and 1970s for the discovery of the first human tumor viruses-EBV, hepatitis B virus, and the papillomaviruses. Later identification of mammalian tumor viruses in the 1930s by Richard Shope and John Bittner, and in the 1950s by Ludwik Gross, sparked the first intense interest in tumor virology by suggesting the possibility of a similar causal role for viruses in human cancers. Peyton Rous founded this scientific field in 1911 by discovering an avian virus that induced tumors in chickens however, it took 40 years for the scientific community to comprehend the effect of this seminal finding. In the century since its inception, the field of tumor virology has provided groundbreaking insights into the causes of human cancer.
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